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| c. 800 |
| | The use of zero, essential in practical mathematics, is now familiar in India and is adopted in Baghdad | |
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| c. 800 |
| | Scholars in Baghdad begin translating Greek and Syriac texts into Arabic | |
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| c. 800 |
| | The Ismailis become a separate Shi'a sect when they dispute the succession after the death of the sixth imam | |
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| c. 800 |
| | The luxury of Baghdad, under the caliph Harun al-Rashid, is evident in the Thousand and One Nights | |
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| from the 9th century |
| | The ancient site of the city of Babylon is gradually abandoned and becomes covered in silt from the Euphrates, until archaelogical excavation begins in the 19th century | |
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| 843 |
| | The iconoclastic controversy ends when Theodora, widow of the emperor Theophilus, officially sanctions the veneration of icons | |
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| c. 850 |
| | The caliphs in Baghdad begin to employ Turkish slaves, or Mamelukes, in their armies | |
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| c. 900 |
| | With the end of inconoclasm, the screen between the nave and the altar sanctuary becomes covered in icons in Orthodox churches | |
| | Iconostasis, Suzdal Fotofile CG
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| 921 |
| | The Jewish calendar, deriving originally from the example of Babylon, is given its lasting form | |
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| c. 930 |
| | Saadiah Gaon writes a seminal work of Jewish philosophy in his Book of Beliefs and Opinions | |
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